How to Trade Futures on Ourbit: Leverage, Fees and Liquidation (2026)

Updated 2026-10-18・Rules checked 2026-10-17

How to start trading futures on Ourbit: after logging in, transfer USDT from your spot account to your futures account (transfers are free), read and accept the “Futures Trading Risk Control Rules” the first time you open the futures page, then set the margin mode, leverage and order type, and you can open a long or a short. Ourbit currently offers only USDT-M perpetual futures, and its official tutorial states that coin-margined futures are not supported for now. The official futures tutorials I found don’t mention having to pass a quiz or fill in a questionnaire first.

On cost, Ourbit’s standard futures fees are 0.02% Maker and 0.04% Taker, calculated on position value, not on margin. However, the Taiwan VIP fee schedule Ourbit published in 2025 lists the futures Taker fee for Taiwan VIP 0 as 0.05%, so accounts in Taiwan should log in to see their actual rate. Perpetual futures also carry funding fees, and most contracts settle funding every 4 hours. BTC, ETH and SOL go up to 500x, but 500x applies only to the part of a position worth up to 100,000 USDT.

Leverage magnifies both profits and losses. If the price moves against you, your position may be forcibly liquidated and you lose all the margin you put in. This guide brings together the setup steps, margin modes, position modes, leverage caps, worked fee examples, liquidation prices, and take-profit and stop-loss orders, each with an official Ourbit source.

Key points
Ourbit’s standard futures fees are 0.02% Maker and 0.04% Taker. Opening a 10x position with 1,000 USDT of margin and opening and closing it with Taker orders costs 8 USDT in total fees; at the 0.05% rate announced for Taiwan VIP 0, it costs 10 USDT.
Ourbit’s official futures API, read on 2026-10-17, listed 753 USDT perpetual contracts. Only 10 of them go up to 500x, and 326 are capped at 20x.
Ourbit’s BTCUSDT risk limit table states that positions worth 0 to 100,000 USDT can use up to 500x, while 100,000 to 1.5 million USDT drops to 200x, so 1,000 USDT of margin can be leveraged to at most 200x.
The official API on the same day showed 454 contracts settling funding every 4 hours, and 636 contracts with a per-settlement funding rate cap and floor of ±2%.
Ourbit futures default to hedge mode. Cross margin can’t be switched back to isolated, and you can’t change the position mode while you have open positions or open orders.

The information below was checked against official pages on 2026-10-17 (data check date) and is provided for reference.

If you don’t have an Ourbit account yet, sign up with the referral code KEVINWU and Ourbit automatically refunds 50% of the futures and DEX fees you actually pay. Spot trading is currently fee-free, so there is no rebate on spot. This rate syncs with the exchange every day, and every change is recorded in the rebate rate report.

How do I enable futures trading on Ourbit?

Check two things before you start. The first is where you are: the Ourbit User Agreement (updated 2026-05-30) lists regions where Ourbit does not provide services, including the United States, China, Singapore, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the Canadian province of Ontario, and users who become residents of a restricted region must notify Ourbit. A full comparison is in exchange restricted countries. The second is identity verification: Ourbit’s KYC explanation says that KYC unlocks the corresponding trading permissions, but it doesn’t list, item by item, that futures require verification first; the copy trading interface, however, does ask you to complete KYC first. The steps are in the Ourbit identity verification guide.

Steps on the website

1. Log in to the Ourbit website, go to “Assets” at the top right and click “Futures”.
2. Click “Transfer” on the right, transfer from your spot account to your futures account, choose USDT, enter the amount and click “Transfer Now”. Ourbit states that transfers are free.
3. Under “Futures” in the top navigation bar, choose “USDT-M Perpetual Futures” and switch to the trading pair you want, such as BTCUSDT. The first time you use it, the page shows “Enable Futures Trading” along with the risk control rules. Check “I have read and understood the Futures Trading Risk Control Rules, enable trading” to create your futures account.
4. Click “Cross” or “Isolated” on the right of the trading page to set the margin mode, then set the leverage.
5. Choose an order type (limit, market, trigger order, trailing stop or Post Only), enter the price and quantity (in USDT, coins or contracts), and click “Open Long” or “Open Short”.
6. Unfilled orders appear under “Open Orders” and filled positions under “Open Positions”, where you can close the position or set take-profit and stop-loss.

Steps in the app

1. Open the Ourbit app and tap “Assets” → “Futures” → “Transfer”. Make sure the direction is from your spot account to your futures account, choose USDT, enter the amount and tap “Transfer”.
2. On the futures trading page, tap the “Isolated” icon at the top left, swipe to choose isolated or cross, and tap “Confirm”. This setting applies only to the current contract.
3. If you want different leverage for longs and shorts, tap “More” at the top right → “Preferences” → “Leverage Mode” and choose “Advanced Mode”; with “Simple Mode”, longs and shorts use the same leverage.
4. Choose an order type. Limit orders can also take a time in force of GTC, IOC or FOK, and market orders can use “Market to Limit” (MTL). Enter the quantity and tap “Open Long” or “Open Short”.
5. Under “Open Positions” you can view, close, or set take-profit and stop-loss on your positions; unfilled orders are under “Open Orders” and “Order History”.

The steps are based on the Ourbit futures trading guide (web) and the Ourbit futures trading guide (app) (both published 2025-05-16). The checkbox text for enabling futures comes from the interface of the Ourbit futures trading page. I found no information on demo trading in Ourbit’s official help center.

On 2026-10-09 Ourbit also launched “Multi-Asset Margin”, which counts assets such as BTC and ETH as margin at their collateral ratio. If your USDT isn’t enough to cover losses, fees or funding, a USDT liability is created, and when that liability reaches a threshold or a position is liquidated, the system automatically sells the pledged coins to repay it (What is OURBIT Multi-Asset Margin). If you open positions with USDT only, you won’t need this mode.

Cross vs isolated margin: what’s the difference, and which should you choose?

Item	Isolated	Cross
How margin is allocated	Each position is calculated separately	The entire available balance of the same currency in the futures account supports the positions
Maximum loss on liquidation	That position’s margin plus any margin you added	All assets in that settlement currency
Adding margin	Manually, or by turning on “Auto Add Margin”	Supported automatically by the account balance
Does the liquidation price move?	Depends only on this position	Profit and loss on other positions also moves it
Switching	Can be changed to cross	Can’t be changed back to isolated

The definitions follow the Ourbit futures trading guide (app). The official example: you have 1,000 USDT in your futures account and use 200 USDT to open a BTC long. If it is liquidated in isolated mode, you lose only those 200 USDT; if it is liquidated in cross mode, you lose all the USDT in the account. Ourbit’s futures trading modes page states that an open position can be changed from isolated to cross, but changing from cross to isolated is not supported, and the futures trading page also says “switching from cross to isolated mode is not supported”. In addition, a changed margin mode does not apply to positions you already hold or to open orders.

Isolated margin also has Auto Add Margin: when a position is close to liquidation, the system adds an amount equal to “average entry price × contract size × position quantity × maintenance margin rate” from your available margin each time, and before adding it, cancels that contract’s opening orders. This feature works only in isolated mode. Which mode to choose depends on how much money you are willing to put at risk on this position: isolated has a clear loss limit, while cross puts the liquidation price further away, but a single liquidation can wipe out your whole futures account.

Hedge mode or one-way mode: which should you choose?

Ourbit’s official web tutorial states that “position mode supports hedge mode by default”, meaning you can hold a long and a short on the same contract at the same time; after switching to one-way mode, each contract can hold a position in only one direction. The futures trading page says you can’t change the position mode while any contract has open positions or open orders, and the change applies to all contracts at once. If you use “reverse position” in one-way mode, the system cancels all orders in the opposite direction; copy trading supports only hedge mode.

How do I set leverage, and what is the maximum?

On the website, you set leverage on the trading page; in the app, next to the margin mode on the futures page. Ourbit’s liquidation and risk limits page states that if you don’t change it, the default leverage is 20x. On 2026-10-17 I read Ourbit’s official contract information API and grouped the 753 USDT perpetual contracts by maximum leverage:

Maximum leverage	Number of contracts	Examples
500x	10	BTCUSDT, ETHUSDT, SOLUSDT, gold, silver and 4 forex pairs
300x	14	XRPUSDT, DOGEUSDT, LINKUSDT and others
200x	49	—
125x–150x	28	—
100x	94	—
50x–75x	205	—
25x	25	—
20x	326	—
10x	2	—

Only 10 contracts offer 500x, and 43% of contracts (326 of them) are capped at 20x. The cap also drops as the position grows. Below are the tiers from the Ourbit BTCUSDT risk limit adjustment announcement (effective 2026-07-28). The official API showed the same figures on 2026-10-17, and ETH and SOL use the same table:

Position notional value (USDT)	Maximum leverage	Initial margin rate	Maintenance margin rate
0–100,000	500x	0.20%	0.10%
100,000–1.5 million	200x	0.50%	0.40%
1.5 million–3 million	100x	1.00%	0.50%
3 million–5 million	50x	2.00%	1.00%
5 million–10 million	20x	5.00%	2.00%
10 million–20 million	10x	10.00%	5.00%

In terms of margin: at 500x the position can’t exceed 100,000 USDT, so the margin is at most 200 USDT. If you open BTC with 1,000 USDT of margin, a 200,000 USDT position falls into tier 2, so the most you can use is 200x. In extreme market conditions, Ourbit may adjust maximum leverage, the position limit of each tier and the maintenance margin rate. From August to October 2026, US stock-related contracts alone had 14 announcements adjusting maximum leverage. Two more restrictions: the futures trading page states that you can’t change the leverage or margin mode while the contract has trigger orders or trailing stop orders, and the futures trading modes page says that if you change the leverage after adding margin to an isolated position, the margin you added earlier is reset.

How are futures fees calculated?

The futures fee is position value multiplied by the fee rate, charged once when you open and once when you close. The official futures API on 2026-10-17 showed all 753 contracts at 0.02% Maker and 0.04% Taker, matching the futures rates in Ourbit’s zero spot fee announcement of 2024-09-03. However, the notice of futures trading fee adjustments for Taiwan VIP users (2025-04-23, effective immediately) lists Taiwan VIP 0 at 0.02% Maker and 0.05% Taker. For which rate a Taiwan account actually pays, the most reliable check is to log in to the Ourbit fee page and look at “Your exclusive rate”.

Worked example assumptions: 1,000 USDT of margin at 10x, a position value of 10,000 USDT, a funding rate of +0.01% per settlement (when Ourbit’s official funding rate API was read on 2026-10-17, BTCUSDT was at 0.0047%, settled every 8 hours), held for 3 days.

Item	Calculation	Standard rate (USDT)	Announced Taiwan VIP 0 rate (USDT)
Opening fee (Taker)	10,000 × 0.04% / 0.05%	4	5
Closing fee (Taker)	10,000 × 0.04% / 0.05%	4	5
Maker for both opening and closing	10,000 × 0.02% × 2	4	4
Funding, settled every 8 hours, 3 days	10,000 × 0.01% × 9 settlements	9	9
Funding, settled every 4 hours, 3 days	10,000 × 0.01% × 18 settlements	18	18
Taker in and out + 8-hour contract	Fees + funding	17 (1.7% of margin)	19 (1.9%)
Taker in and out + 4-hour contract	Fees + funding	26 (2.6% of margin)	28 (2.8%)

Ourbit’s funding rate mechanism states that Ourbit does not collect funding fees: when the rate is positive, longs pay shorts, and when it is negative, shorts pay longs, using the formula position value × funding rate. You pay or receive funding only if you hold a position at the settlement time, but orders placed within 15 seconds before or after the settlement time may be included. The official wording is “every 8 hours by default” (UTC 00:00, 08:00 and 16:00, which is 08:00, 16:00 and 00:00 Taiwan time), but in the API on 2026-10-17, 454 of the 753 contracts settled every 4 hours and 296 every 8 hours, with 2 more on 1 hour and 1 on 24 hours. Rates also have a cap and floor: for BTCUSDT it is ±0.2% per settlement, so a 10,000 USDT position pays 20 USDT in one settlement at the cap; 636 contracts have a cap of ±2%, where the same position pays 200 USDT in one settlement at the cap. If your available margin isn’t enough to pay funding, it is deducted from the position margin, and the liquidation price moves closer.

Compared with the VIP 0 futures fees of several large exchanges, Ourbit’s standard Taker fee is the lowest, while the 0.05% Taiwan rate is the same as Binance and OKX:

Exchange	Futures Maker	Futures Taker	10,000 USDT, Taker in and out	Rebate channel
Ourbit (standard)	0.02%	0.04%	8 USDT	Automatic exchange rebate, see Ourbit referral code
Ourbit (announced Taiwan VIP 0)	0.02%	0.05%	10 USDT	Same as above
Binance	0.02%	0.05%	10 USDT	Automatic exchange rebate, see Binance referral code
OKX	0.02%	0.05%	10 USDT	Automatic exchange rebate, see OKX referral code
Bybit	0.02%	0.055%	11 USDT	Fee Otter, see Bybit fee rebate
Bitget	0.02%	0.06%	12 USDT	Automatic exchange rebate, see Bitget referral code

Sources: for Ourbit, the official API and Taiwan fee notice above; Binance fee page, OKX fee page, Bybit trading fee structure, Bitget fee page. How to get started on other exchanges is covered in the Binance futures guide, OKX futures guide, Bybit futures guide and Bitget futures guide.

How does the referral rebate apply to futures?

The rules on Ourbit’s referral page state that rebates are calculated on the “fees actually collected by the system”, after trading fee discounts are deducted, and futures rebates are paid at around 09:00 (UTC+8) the next day, in the currency the fees were settled in. Fees paid with futures bonuses, deposit and withdrawal fees, and fees from abnormal trading don’t count toward rebates. Fees offset by futures fee deduction vouchers or by trial funds and principal boost funds don’t earn a rebate either. Funding is paid between longs and shorts and is not a fee charged by Ourbit, so it doesn’t generate a rebate.

Example at a futures fee rate of 0.04% and the current 50% automatic rebate (rate updated 2026-10-24). Your exchange statement prevails.

The first amount above, 20,000 USDT, is the traded volume of opening and closing the 10,000 USDT position from the worked example. If your Taiwan account pays 0.05%, use this calculator instead:

Example at a futures fee rate of 0.05% and the current 50% automatic rebate (rate updated 2026-10-24). Your exchange statement prevails.

Bybit has no automatic exchange rebate on this site; its rebate channel is Fee Otter. The extra rebate is paid by Fee Otter, not by the exchange and not by Kevin Wu; the money goes to your Fee Otter account, and the rate is whatever Fee Otter’s page shows at the time. For the steps, see Bybit fee rebate.

How is the liquidation price calculated?

Ourbit uses the “Fair Price”, not the last traded price, to decide liquidation and calculate unrealized PNL. The formula in Ourbit’s Fair Price explanation is: Fair Price = median (funding rate premium, mid-price basis fair price, last price), so a small unrealized PNL right after a fill is normal. The trigger condition in Ourbit’s liquidation and risk limits page is: for isolated margin, position margin + unrealized PNL ≤ maintenance margin + liquidation fee, in other words a margin ratio of 100%; for cross margin, cross account equity (excluding isolated margin and order margin) is compared with the cross maintenance margin.

Ourbit publishes the isolated formula: long liquidation price = (maintenance margin − position margin + average entry price × quantity × contract size) ÷ (quantity × contract size); for a short, swap the signs of the first two terms. The official example also ignores the liquidation fee, so the actual liquidation price is a little closer. The table below uses a BTC entry price of 80,000 USDT (an assumption for easy calculation), 1,000 USDT of margin and the maintenance margin rates from the BTCUSDT risk limit table:

Leverage	Position value	Maintenance margin rate	Estimated long liquidation price	Drop that triggers liquidation	Estimated short liquidation price
2x	2,000	0.10%	40,080	49.9%	119,920
5x	5,000	0.10%	64,080	19.9%	95,920
10x	10,000	0.10%	72,080	9.9%	87,920
20x	20,000	0.10%	76,080	4.9%	83,920
50x	50,000	0.10%	78,480	1.9%	81,520
100x	100,000	0.10%	79,280	0.9%	80,720
200x	200,000	0.40%	79,920	0.1%	80,080

For mental math, use “1 ÷ leverage − maintenance margin rate”: at 10x that is 10% − 0.1% = 9.9%. At 200x, a 0.1% move in BTC against you triggers liquidation. Opening 500x with 200 USDT (a 100,000 USDT position) is also 0.1%, and the Taker opening and closing fees add up to 80 USDT, or 40% of the margin. The actual liquidation price is also affected by funding and any margin you add, and for cross margin you also have to include the account balance and the profit and loss of your other positions. To plug in your own numbers, use the liquidation price calculator.

According to Ourbit, once liquidation is triggered, open orders are canceled first (in cross mode, all orders in the account; in isolated mode with Auto Add Margin turned on, that contract’s orders). In cross mode, long and short positions in the same contract are then matched against each other to reduce the position. Positions in tier 2 or above are liquidated in steps down the tiers, and whatever remains is taken over by the liquidation engine at the bankruptcy price. If, after the takeover, the position can be filled in the market at a better price than the bankruptcy price, the remaining margin goes into the insurance fund. If the fill is worse than the bankruptcy price, the loss beyond the margin is covered by the insurance fund, and only when the insurance fund is insufficient does auto-deleveraging (ADL) forcibly close the most profitable, most highly leveraged counterparty positions at the bankruptcy price.

How do I set take-profit and stop-loss?

Ourbit’s order types explanation lists two times you can set them: check take-profit and stop-loss when placing the opening order, and the system places them as soon as the opening order fills; or set them on an existing position under “Open Positions”. When the price reaches the trigger price, the system places a market order to close the set quantity. The rules:

• Execution is not guaranteed: the official tutorial warns that take-profit and stop-loss orders don’t freeze the position before they trigger, and they may fail because of sharp market moves, insufficient closable quantity or system problems; once triggered, they fill at market, and the fill price may differ from the price you set.
• Position TP/SL: the futures trading page states that position take-profit and stop-loss covers the entire position regardless of later additions or reductions, and is canceled automatically after the position is closed. In one-way mode, when TP/SL on the entire position triggers, all orders in the opposite direction are canceled.
• Don’t place the stop-loss right next to the liquidation price: when the stop-loss price is too close to the estimated liquidation price, the interface warns that “the stop-loss may fail to trigger”. Taking the 10x long from the table above, with an estimated liquidation price of 72,080, the stop-loss has to sit clearly above that price to have a chance of triggering first.
• Trigger orders: the trigger can be the last price, Fair Price or index price; once triggered, a limit or market order is placed, valid long-term, for 7 days or for 24 hours. Setting one doesn’t lock funds or positions, so the order may fail for reasons such as insufficient margin.
• Trailing stop orders: when selling, trigger price = highest price after activation − callback amount, and when the price falls back to the trigger price, the order executes at market. The official example: BTC rises to 40,000 and then pulls back 2,000, and it sells at market at 38,000.

To keep your fee at 0.02%, use “Post Only”: this order never fills immediately; if it would match an existing order, it is canceled automatically, so you are guaranteed the Maker rate.

The most common beginner mistakes

1. Thinking fees are based on margin: fees are based on position value. Opening 50x with 1,000 USDT and going in and out with Taker orders costs 50,000 × 0.04% × 2 = 40 USDT, so 4% of your margin is gone before the price even moves; at the 0.05% Taiwan rate it is 50 USDT.
2. Not changing the default leverage: if you don’t adjust it, Ourbit defaults to 20x, so check the leverage before you place an order.
3. Not knowing hedge mode is the default: pressing “Open Short” while holding a long opens a separate short and doesn’t close the long; to close, use the close button.
4. Using cross margin casually: cross can’t be changed back to isolated, and liquidation can cost you all the USDT in your futures account.
5. Ignoring 4-hour settlement and the ±2% cap: 60% of contracts settle funding every 4 hours, so the same rate is paid 6 times a day; most contracts have a per-settlement cap of ±2%.
6. Transferring out before trial funds are used up: Ourbit states that if you transfer any asset out of your futures account before your trial funds and principal boost funds are used up, the trial funds are reset to zero; you also can’t open a position with less than 5 USDT of trial funds.

What are the risks of Ourbit futures?

Futures are not a principal-protected product. The following risks are all stated on Ourbit’s official pages:

• Losing all your margin: the risk control rules on the futures trading page state that you may lose all of your initial margin, plus any additional assets you deposited on the platform to maintain the position; cross liquidation costs you all assets in that settlement currency.
• Remaining margin after liquidation: the position is taken over by the liquidation engine at the bankruptcy price, and if the market fill is better than the bankruptcy price, Ourbit states that the remaining margin goes into the insurance fund.
• Auto-deleveraging: when the insurance fund is insufficient, profitable counterparty positions may be forcibly closed.
• Take-profit and stop-loss are not guaranteed to fill: in extreme markets they may fail or fill at a different price.
• Rules change: maximum leverage, tiers and maintenance margin rates are all adjusted by announcement, and Ourbit also reserves the right to change the funding settlement interval.
• Account restrictions: the risk control rules list abnormal trading such as self-trading, wash trading between linked accounts and frequent order placement and cancellation, for which the platform can forcibly close positions, ban trading or suspend the account; if you are in a restricted region, you may also be unable to manage your positions.

Ourbit also offers a futures cooling-off period: in the settings on the futures page you can turn off futures trading for one day, one week, one month or until further notice. Once enabled, it can’t be ended early, and during that time you can place only reduce-only orders; you can’t enable it while holding positions. The risk of the exchange itself also matters. Ourbit has not published proof of reserves so far; the details are in the Ourbit review, the exchange proof of reserves comparison and the exchange safety record.

FAQ

Do I need to pass a quiz or complete KYC to enable Ourbit futures?

The official Ourbit futures tutorials I found don’t mention a quiz or questionnaire. The steps they list are transferring USDT to your futures account and accepting the Futures Trading Risk Control Rules the first time you use it. As for KYC, Ourbit only says that KYC unlocks the corresponding trading permissions, and doesn’t state that futures require verification first; if the screen asks you to verify, follow the screen.

What is the minimum amount to trade Ourbit futures?

The minimum order is 1 contract. One BTCUSDT contract is 0.0001 BTC, which at a price of about 81,545 USDT on 2026-10-17 is a position value of about 8.2 USDT. That is position value, not margin: at 10x, about 0.8 USDT of margin is enough for the minimum order, but fees and the distance to liquidation are still calculated on the position.

What are Ourbit’s futures fees?

The standard rates are 0.02% Maker and 0.04% Taker, charged on position value, once when you open and once when you close. Ourbit’s Taiwan VIP fee notice of 2025-04-23 lists the Taker fee for Taiwan VIP 0 as 0.05%; for Taiwan accounts, the fee page after logging in is what counts. The full VIP table is in Ourbit fees.

What is Ourbit’s maximum leverage?

Up to 500x, but in the official API on 2026-10-17 only 10 contracts went up to 500x, and 326 contracts were capped at 20x. For BTCUSDT, positions above 100,000 USDT drop to 200x, and above 1.5 million USDT to 100x.

Can I switch from cross to isolated margin on Ourbit?

No. Ourbit only supports changing an open position from isolated to cross, and the interface states that switching from cross to isolated mode is not supported. A newly set margin mode also doesn’t apply to positions you already hold or to open orders.

How often is Ourbit’s funding fee charged?

Ourbit says every 8 hours by default, but the official API on 2026-10-17 showed 454 of the 753 contracts settling every 4 hours, with BTCUSDT and ETHUSDT on 8 hours. If you close before settlement you don’t pay, but orders placed within 15 seconds before or after settlement may be included. How funding works and how exchanges compare is covered in what is the funding rate.

Can I get my money back after an Ourbit liquidation?

Generally, no. Ourbit states that the position is taken over by the liquidation engine at the bankruptcy price, and if the market fill is better than the bankruptcy price, the remaining margin goes into the insurance fund. Ourbit’s advice is to close the position yourself before your margin balance falls to the maintenance margin level.

Is there a rebate on Ourbit futures trading?

Yes. For accounts registered with a referral code that carries a rebate, futures fees earn a rebate based on the amount actually collected by the system, paid at around 09:00 (UTC+8) the next day. Fees offset by deduction vouchers or trial funds and funding fees don’t earn a rebate, and spot has no rebate because it is fee-free. Accounts that haven’t bound a referrer yet can add one on the referral page, and the binding can’t be changed afterwards; see Ourbit referral code rebind for how, and how to check whether your referral code is bound for checking the binding status.

The full method for calculating fees and funding is in how futures fees are calculated, and you can run your own position through the perpetual futures cost calculator. Ourbit’s fees, identity verification and overall review are covered in Ourbit fees, the Ourbit identity verification guide and the Ourbit review. For futures guides on other exchanges, see the MEXC futures guide and BingX futures guide. The referral code and sign-up steps are in Ourbit referral code, and every exchange’s code is collected in the crypto exchange referral codes roundup.